Programming Language Atlas

A structured reference to language families, paradigms, and implementations

Kotlin

Object-oriented and functional. First appeared 2011; managed runtimes; android, backend services.

Record

First appeared2011
FamilyManaged runtimes
Paradigm emphasisObject-oriented and functional
TypingStatic, strong, inferred
MemoryTracing GC (JVM)
ExecutionBytecode + JIT, native AOT
Primary domainAndroid, backend services
DesignersJetBrains
Referencehttps://kotlinlang.org/docs/home.html
Last verifiednot yet checked against its source by a human

Dates are first public release or publication, not the start of internal development. Colour on the typing and memory tags encodes kind, never rank.

Back to top

Influence

Java1995C#2000Scala2004No indexed descendantKotlin2011
Figure 1. Kotlin in the influence graph: recorded ancestors on the left, languages that record it as an influence on the right. Every node links to its own record. Edges name indexed languages only, so an empty side means no indexed relative, not none at all. Source: languages.json.

Back to top

Within the Managed runtimes

Languages targeting a shared virtual machine and inheriting its collector, threading model, and library surface.

Language First appeared Typing Memory Execution
Java 1995 Static, strong Tracing GC Bytecode + JIT
C# 2000 Static, strong, partly inferred Tracing GC Bytecode + JIT/AOT
Scala 2004 Static, strong, inferred Tracing GC (JVM) Bytecode + JIT

3 other languages in this family, ordered by first appearance. Kotlin itself is omitted. Source: languages.json.

Back to top