Clojure

Functional, Lisp, immutable data. First appeared 2007; lisp family; data-oriented backend services.

Record¶

First appeared	2007
Family	Lisp family
Paradigm emphasis	Functional, Lisp, immutable data
Typing	Dynamic, strong, optional specs
Memory	Tracing GC (JVM)
Execution	Bytecode + JIT
Primary domain	Data-oriented backend services
Designers	Rich Hickey
Reference	https://clojure.org/reference/documentation
Last verified	not yet checked against its source by a human

Dates are first public release or publication, not the start of internal development. Colour on the typing and memory tags encodes kind, never rank.

Influence¶

Figure 1. Clojure in the influence graph: recorded ancestors on the left, languages that record it as an influence on the right. Every node links to its own record. Edges name indexed languages only, so an empty side means no indexed relative, not none at all. Source: languages.json.

Within the Lisp family¶

Code represented as data, macros as the primary extension mechanism, and a preference for interactive development.

Language	First appeared	Typing	Memory	Execution
Lisp	1958	Dynamic, strong	Tracing GC	Interpreted or compiled
Scheme	1975	Dynamic, strong	Tracing GC	Interpreted or compiled
Racket	1995	Dynamic, strong	Tracing GC	JIT

3 other languages in this family, ordered by first appearance. Clojure itself is omitted. Source: languages.json.